Data Story on Happy Moments

This is a preliminary version of project 1, containing frequencies comparison on countries, and topic modeling. It turns out this 2 methods cannot generate informative conclusions and are removed from the submitted version.

Step 0 - Load all the required libraries

This notebook was prepared with the following environmental settings.

print(R.version)

               _                           
platform       x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0   
arch           x86_64                      
os             darwin15.6.0                
system         x86_64, darwin15.6.0        
status                                     
major          3                           
minor          5.0                         
year           2018                        
month          04                          
day            23                          
svn rev        74626                       
language       R                           
version.string R version 3.5.0 (2018-04-23)
nickname       Joy in Playing              

Step 1 - Load data

urlfiles = c('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rit-public/HappyDB/master/happydb/data/cleaned_hm.csv',
              'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rit-public/HappyDB/master/happydb/data/demographic.csv',
              'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rit-public/HappyDB/master/happydb/data/senselabel.csv')
cleaned_hm = read_csv(urlfiles[1])
demographic = read_csv(urlfiles[2])
senselabel = read_csv(urlfiles[3])

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# select columns that I am interested in
cleaned_hm = cleaned_hm[, c("hmid", "wid", "reflection_period", "cleaned_hm")]
senselabel = senselabel[, c("hmid", "tokenOffset", "lowercaseLemma", "POS", "supersenseLabel")]

Step 2 - Text processing

For the “cleaned_hm” data, Remove extra white spaces, punctuations, numbers and time-related words, convert all letters to the lower case, remove stop words, removed empty words due to formatting errors. Then reduce the words to their stems.

Do the same thing to the “senselabel” data (white spaces, punctuations, capital cases already cleaned).

Step 3 - Compute the document matrix on nouns and plot its word cloud

When computing the matrix on all words, the word cloud are consist of many positive adjectives such as “great”, “good” and verbs such as “got”, “made”. Looking at such words alone cannot provide much information on the sentences. To get more information from the text, try to use only the nouns to plot a word cloud. According to the word cloud, we can conclude that:

• People’s hapinness is related to their friends, work or school, family, etc.

Step 4 - Compare word frequencies accross different demographic characteristics and reflection periods

Join text and demographic features together

(1) Word frequencies accross different gender

The graph below shows that:

• Both female and male share some common topics that make them happy, such as “birthday”, “friend”.

• Two pairs of words relating to spouses “husband/wife”, “boyfriend/girlfriend” have roughly the same proportion (assuming heterosexual, “wife” and “girlfriend” to male, “husband” and “boyfriend” to female), and they are mentioned quite frequent.

• Family words such as “baby” and “children” are frequently mentioned in happy memories, and female tend to mention them slightly more. It is interesting that the word “mama” brings more joy to female than it to male and the word “papa” to both, which shows an obvious bond between mothers and kids.

• Some frequent words mentioned in happy moments are consistent with hobbies. Such as “makeup”, “crochet” to female and “nba”, “bike” to male.

(2) Word frequencies accross different parenthood status

The graph below shows that:

• For parents, kids, children, daughters, babies, grandkids are mentioned frequently in happy moments, which is not surprising. And for those that are not a parent, the people that frequently mentioned in their happy moments are girlfrends, roommates, etc.

• There is a trend that for parents, family related topics (“birth”, “kindergarten”) are mentioned more frequently, while for the other group, recreationary activities (“bbq”, “guitar”) are mentioned more, which shows a time allocation difference between this two groups.

(3) Word frequencies accross different marital status

The graph below shows that:

• Not suprisingly, for married people “husband” and “wife” and “spouse” are mentioned more frequently, while for single people, “girlfriend” and “boyfriend” and “fiance” are.

hm_df_tidy_marital = hm_df_tidy[, c("word","marital")]
frequency_marital = hm_df_tidy_marital %>% 
  count(marital, word) %>%
  group_by(marital) %>%
  mutate(proportion = n / sum(n)) %>% 
  select(-n) %>%
  spread(marital, proportion)

ggplot(frequency_marital, aes(x = married, y = single, color = abs(married - single))) +
  geom_abline(color = "gray40", lty = 2) +
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.1, size = 2.5, width = 0.3, height = 0.3) +
  geom_text(aes(label = word), check_overlap = TRUE, vjust = 1.5) +
  scale_x_log10(labels = percent_format()) +
  scale_y_log10(labels = percent_format()) +
  scale_color_gradient(limits = c(0, 0.001), low = "darkslategray4", high = "gray75") +
  theme(legend.position="none") +
  labs(y = "single", x = "married")

(4) Word frequencies accross different reflection period

The graph below shows that:

• Under a 3-month reflection period, people tend to mention important events that do not happen very often, such as Valentine’s Day, graudation, etc. Under a 24 hours reflection period, people tend to mention things that close to daily life, such as coffee, bed.

• One interesting thing is that people mention foods (for example, coffee, cookie, bun) much more often when the reflection period is short.

(5) Word frequencies accross different ages period

The graph below shows that:

• People over 50 feel happy from more leisure activities such as gardening while peopel under 50 are happy when gaming.

• Role around people over 50 that make them happy are more diversified including grandkids, kids, animals (“hummingbird”, “bird”)

• One interesting thing is that people under 50 are more like to use strong words to expression their happiness (such as “amazing”, “awesome”, “absolute”) compared with people over 50.

(6) Word frequencies accross different countries

The graph below shows that:

• It seems that there is no obvious difference between the frequencies.

Step 5 - Sentiment analysis

In this chunk I use the NRC Word-Emotion Association Lexicon to apply sentiment analysis

A unigram method

Count the appearances of each sentiment (except positive and negative) in the text words. Because the number of words belonging to each sentiment in not the same, comparing the absolute counts is not informative enough. The “times” variable below improves it by computing how many times of the total number of words in each sentiment appear. As we can see from the following bar plot:

• All the words associated with postive emotions (anticipation, joy, surprise, trust) obviously appear more frequently than those associated with negative emotions (anger, disgust, fear, sadness). This is not surprising because we are dealing with happy moment sentences.

• When talking about happy moments, people tend to recall those situations that make them feel pure joy. Emotions related to anticipation, trust and surprise are less mentioned, even though they are positive and can be pleasant as well.

Sentiment analysis on sentences

This time, try to compute the emotions in each sentence using the same lexicon. As we can see from the graph below:

• Obviously, the nagative emotions are used much less compared to positive ones

• Compared to other positive emotions, “surprise” contributes much less to people’s happiness. It looks like people usually do not mention surprising moments when they recall happy times.

Step 6 - Trigram model

In our data, a bigram model contains a lot of phrases like “made feek”, “got new” that do not make sense alone. Therefore, I used a trigram model to investigate the most frequently used 3-word phrases. According to the trigrams:

• Recreationary events are motioned most frequently in happy moments

• The second most mentioned things are new items or environment. It looks like the changes really fresh people’s mind and make them happy.

• Good things happened at work or school are also a major contributor to happiness.

Step 7 - Topic modeling: word-topic probability

Due to limitation of cumputing force, sample 10% of the cleaned happy moment sentences to do a topic modeling.

len = length(hm)
samps = sample(1:10, len, replace = T)
samp_hm = hm[samps == 1]
dtm_hm = DocumentTermMatrix(samp_hm)
rowTotals <- apply(dtm_hm , 1, sum)
dtm_hm = dtm_hm[rowTotals> 0, ]
# cross validation to find a proper number of groups
hm_lda = LDA(dtm_hm, k = i, control = list(seed = 10))
  hm_topics = tidy(hm_lda, matrix = "beta") %>%
    group_by(topic) %>%
    top_n(5, beta) %>%
    mutate(topicterm = paste0(term, topic)) # to differentiate those words that have high betas in multiple groups
  cat("model into", i, "topics\n")

model into 3 topics

Citation Akari Asai, Sara Evensen, Behzad Golshan, Alon Halevy, Vivian Li, Andrei Lopatenko, Daniela Stepanov, Yoshihiko Suhara, Wang-Chiew Tan, Yinzhan Xu, ``HappyDB: A Corpus of 100,000 Crowdsourced Happy Moments’’, LREC ’18, May 2018. (to appear)